This manual provides guidance and criteria for the design of small water supply, treatment, and distribution systems. For the purpose of this manual, small water systems shall be those having average daily design flow rates of 380 000 liters per day (l/d) (100 000 gallons per day (gpd)) or less. However, the use of the term small is arbitrary, there being no consensus in the water supply literature with respect to its meaning.

Regulations regarding the acceptability of a water source, degree of treatment required, and the monitoring requirements are not based on flow rates, but rather on a water system classification relating to the number of people served and for what period of time.

This manual presents procedures for the design analysis and criteria of design for improved channels that carry rapid and/or tranquil flows.

Procedures are presented without details of the theory of the hydraulics involved since these details can be found in any of various hydraulic textbooks and publications available to the design engineer. Theories and procedures in design, such as flow in curved channels, flow at bridge piers, flow at confluences, and side drainage inlet structures, that are not covered fully in textbooks are discussed in detail with the aid of Hydraulic Design Criteria (HDC) charts published by the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (USAEWES).

The charts and other illustrations are included in Appendix B to aid the designer. References to HDC are by HDC chart number. The use of models to develop and verify design details is discussed briefly. Typical calculations are presented to illustrate the principles of design for channels under various conditions of flow. Electronic computer programming techniques are not treated in this manual. However, most of the basic hydraulics presented herein can be adapted for computer use as illustrated in Appendix D.

This manual describes methods for evaluating flood-runoff characteristics of watersheds. Guidance is provided in selecting and applying such methods to support the various investigations required for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) civil works activities. The manual references publications that contain the theoretical basis of the methods and detailed information on their use. The manual is organized into four parts.

The first, Problem Definition and Selection of Methodology, describes the products of flood-runoff analysis and the types of investigation for which these products are required. Aspects of flood hydrology are discussed, including physical processes, data availability, and broad approaches to analysis. Guidance in formulating study procedures is provided, which includes criteria for method selection and recommended content for a hydrologic engineering management plan (HEMP). The reporting of study results is the focus of the last chapter in Part I.

Part II, Hydrologic Analysis, provides information on techniques for simulating various components of the hydrologic cycle, including rainfall, snow, infiltration (loss), surface and subsurface runoff, and flow in channels and reservoirs. Multisubbasin modeling and design storm definition are discussed.

Part III, Methods for Flood-Runoff Analysis, addresses the application of simplified techniques, frequency analysis of streamflow data, precipitation-runoff simulation of storm events, and period-of-record precipitation-runoff simulation. Data requirements and calibration / verification of simulation models are considered.

Part IV, Engineering Applications, deals with several issues associated with the application of methods from Part III. The processing of data can be time-consuming and costly; techniques for efficient data handling are addressed. The lack of historical streamflow data is the source of much difficulty and uncertainty in flood runoff analysis. Aspects of dealing with “ungauged” basins are discussed. Issues associated with the development of frequency-based estimates are covered, including the concept of calibration to “known” frequency information. Various aspects of modeling land use change, as well as the effects of reservoir and other projects, are discussed. Finally, three examples illustrate some of the principles presented in this manual.

Following Part IV, Appendices A and B provide references, a generic HEMP, and a set of example applications.

This engineer manual (EM) relies on references and/or technical information in several other guidance documents. Some of those documents are part of this current guidance effort and others are older documents. The most relevant documents are EM 1110-2-1416, River Hydraulics, EM 1110-2-1415, Hydrologic Frequency Analysis, and EM 1110-2-1413, Hydrologic Analysis of Interior Areas.

This Engineer Manual provides guidance to Corps of Engineers (CE) personnel who are responsible for groundwater-related projects. This manual was written with special attention to groundwater-related applications prevalent within the CE. Thus, sections addressing site investigation procedures and the performance of modeling studies are included. Additionally, a chapter focusing on the interaction between surface water and groundwater is included.

This manual applies to all USACE Commands having civil works responsibilities. This manual provides information for application to common Corps groundwater-related studies, including:

1. Site characterization for contaminant remediation.
2. Computer modeling of groundwater flow.
3. Groundwater and surface water interaction studies.
4. Reservoir operations.
5. Groundwater flow to adjacent locks and dams.
6. Remediation of reservoir leakage.
7. Infiltration of runoff to the subsurface.
8. Baseflow between aquifers and fixed bodies including streams and reservoirs.
9. Effects of aquifer pumping on adjacent lakes and streams.
10. Well installation involved with seawater infiltration barriers.
11. Dewatering of an excavation for construction purposes.
12. General regional and local applications.

These specifications became effective for Sacramento County contracts approved for advertisement for bids on and after January 1, 2016. For any contract approved for advertisement between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2015, the January 2008 version of the Specifications apply. For any contract approved for advertisement between March 15, 2004 and December 31, 2007, the March 2004 version of the Specifications apply.

 Copies of these Specifications may be purchased from County of Sacramento Technical Resources Division, 827 Seventh Street, Room 105, Sacramento, California.

Published by the City of Sacramento, California, for use on City of California projects.

These standard specifications are published by the State of California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), for use on Caltrans projects. They ae also widely used or referred to by other agencies in California and elsewhere.

The specifications are divided into 12 divisions.

Division I includes general specifications applicable to every contract unless specified as applicable only under certain conditions.

Division II includes specifications for general construction applicable to every contract unless specified as applicable only under certain conditions.

Divisions III through X include construction specifications for specific bid items.

Division XI includes specifications for common materials. For a material specified in this division, that material specified in any section must comply with the specifications in division XI.

Division XII includes construction specifications for buildings. 

• BASIC hydraulics
• Caltrans Standard Specifications 2015
• City of Sacramento Standard Specifications
• Concrete Pipe Design Manual
• Concrete Pipe Installation Manual
• El Cerrito Green Streets Project
• FP-14 Federal Standard Specifications
• Green Building Guide
• Guidance Manual For the Design, Construction And Operations Of Constructed Wetlands For Rural Applications in Ontario
• HDS-2 Highway Hydrology, 2nd Ed
• HDS-4 Introduction To Highway Hydraulics
• HDS-5 Design of Highway Culverts, 3rd Ed
• HDS-6 River Engineering For Highway Encroachments
• HEC-10 Capacity Charts For The Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts
• HEC-11 Design of Riprap Revetment
• HEC-13 Hydraulic Design of Improved Inlets for Culverts
• HEC-14 Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators for Culverts and Channels
• HEC-15 Design of Roadside Channels, 3rd Ed
• HEC-22 Urban Drainage Design Manual, 3rd Ed
• Home Remodelling Green Building Guidelines
• NCHRP 568 Riprap Design Criteria, Recommended Specifications, and Quality Control
• New Home Construction Green Building Guidelines
• Non-Operator’s Guide To Drinking Water Systems
• Non-Operator’s Guide To Wastewater Systems
• Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement
• River Mechanics
• Sacramento County Standard Specifications 2016
• Slow Sand Filtration

This report presents the findings of a study to develop design guidelines, material specifications and test methods, construction specifications, and construction, inspection, and quality control guidelines for riprap at streams and riverbanks, bridge piers and abutments, and bridge scour countermeasures. Recommendations are provided on a design equation or design approach for each application. Filter requirements, material and testing specifications, construction and installation guidelines, and inspection and quality control procedures are also recommended for each riprap application.

To guide the practitioner in developing appropriate designs for riprap armoring systems for these applications, the findings and recommendations are combined to provide design guideline appendixes for (1) Design and Specification of Rock Riprap Installations and (2) Construction, Inspection, and Maintenance of Rock Riprap Installations. This report will be particularly useful to bridge, hydraulic, and highway engineers, as well as bridge maintenance and inspection personnel responsible for design, construction, inspection, and maintenance of bridges and other highway structures.

Many different techniques are currently used to determine the size and extent of a riprap installation, and existing techniques and procedures for design of riprap protection can be confusing and difficult to apply. Depending on the technique used to size riprap, the required size of stone can vary widely. Most states have specifications for classifying riprap size and gradation, but there is not a consistent classification system or set of specifications that can be used when preparing plans or assembling a specification package for a project.

In addition, various construction practices are employed for installing riprap; many of them are not effective and projects requiring the use of riprap historically have suffered from poor construction practices and poor quality control. The intent of this study was to develop a unified set of guidelines, specifications, and procedures that can be accepted by the state DOTs.